![]() ![]() (2008) and Hindmarsh and Matthews (2008) have studied collaborative processes for wind energy planning in detail and scrutinized the effects and limitations of such endeavours (however, regarding Germany some empirical evidence as well as practical recommendations were offered by: BHU, 2014, Liebrenz, 2013, Müller, 2014, Renn et al., 2014). However, only few researchers such as Aitken et al. ![]() Swofford and Slattery, 2010, Wolsink, 2010). Many authors advocate participatory approaches to planning in order to achieve higher levels of acceptance for wind energy developments (e.g. In Germany, wind energy is often among the most conflictual issues in comprehensive spatial planning processes. In many European countries, spatial planning plays a crucial role in siting and approving wind power developments (Cowell, 2007). This calls for spatial coordination through planning. Although wind turbines require relatively small stretches of land, they frequently cause conflicts with other concerns such as nature conservation, landscape quality, tourism, and public health due to their height and visibility as well as their light and sound emissions, rotating wings and technical appearance (Hirsh and Sovacool, 2013). The increased use of wind energy is an important pillar of the German Energiewende, the Energy Transition.
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